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Math at Work Monday: Lance the spirits distiller

I do enjoy a good whiskey. So when I had the chance to interview a real, live distiller, I jumped at it. Bonus: Lance Winters is funny as hell. Seriously. He’s also not shy about explaining how he uses math in his work — including his background in nuclear engineering, which has nothing to do with his current work. He is a master distiller at St. George Spirits in Alameda, CA, where he helps create artisanal spirits, including gin, absinthe, bourbon, single malt whiskey (my favorite), rum and liqueurs.

Can you explain what you do for a living?

I spend a lot of time wandering around looking busy in the hope that nobody asks me to do any actual work. When that gets too tiring, I play video games. When I do work, I crush and ferment fruit, mash in and ferment grain, then distill them. I prepare our distillates for bottling, then bottle them.

When do you use basic math in your job?  

I use math all the time! I’m not even kidding. It starts with figuring out the potential alcohol by volume in whatever medium we’re fermenting, then converting that to the total number of proof gallons we can produce from the amount of fruit or grain that we’ve had delivered. I then convert that to the number of cases of bottled product we can produce. That’s all pretty basic multiplication and division. We also use math when scaling up lab samples and bench trials of different whiskey blends.

Do you use any technology to help with this math?  

I like to use calculators to check my math and be totally sure about things, but like to do as much as possible in my head, on the fly. My memory’s bad enough that I need to keep the processor sharp.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

I’m able to plan my work better and make more informed business decisions because of math.

How comfortable with math do you feel?  Does this math feel different to you?  

I’m very comfortable with math, all the time. I used to think that so much of math (especially calculus) was just something that mathematicians used to show off for one another. Now, I see the poetry as well as usefulness of integrals and derivatives. (By the way, I found Matt Damon very implausible as a math whiz in Good Will Hunting.)

What kind of math did you take in high school?  

I took pre-calculus in high school, and in spite of having learned at the feet of Harold Gene Smith, greatest math teacher ever, I felt like a total hack at math.

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job? 

After high school, I spent two years going to navy schools to learn nuclear engineering. That totally messed my head up and made me the way I am today.

Any questions for Lance? Ask them in the comment section. I’ll let him know that they’re there, and perhaps between his daily wandering and video games, he’ll stop by to reply.

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In Holidays

Math at Work Monday: Santa Claus

There’s a lot of magic involved in Santa Claus’s annual journey around the world. Delivering presents to that many households can’t be done without it. But there’s also quite a bit of math. And I’m thrilled that Santa agreed to do this interview with us, revealing a few secrets of how math helps him in his work.

Can you explain what you do for a living?

Well, throughout the year, my main job is to oversee a large toy production facility at the North Pole. This includes supervising thousands of elves, who are responsible for toy manufacturing, as well as management of the reindeer stables, grounds work, sleigh maintenance and other smaller details.

But my main responsibility is only on one night of the year. On Christmas Eve, I pilot a large, flying sleigh, driven by eight reindeer and Rudolf, throughout the world to deliver presents to all good boys and girls. It’s a big night, and I usually take off the entire month of January to recover!

When do you use basic math in your job?

There’s a surprising amount of math involved in my work. These days, the naughty-and-nice list is in a database. A sophisticated set of formulas help me map out my once-a-year trip, which determines how the sleigh is packed. If Los Angeles gifts are on the top of the pack when I land in New York City — well, that’s a big problem.

I also need to manage my time, since I have so little of it that night. The different time zones help me stay a little ahead of the clock in most cases, but I sometimes have to do some on-the-spot figuring when weather becomes a problem.

But the real math is in the sleigh. Much like an airplane pilot, I must maintain a steady speed and take into account things like wind and visibility. The elves have helped equip the sleigh with state-of-the-art equipment, like gauges for altitude and speed. However, there have been some times when I’ve need to apply distance/speed/time ratios on the fly.

Do you use any technology to help with this math?

Absolutely. As I mentioned, we depend heavily on databases on the North Pole. These are housed in a large server, allowing us to manage our manufacturing quickly and easily. If a formula needs to be changed — for example, we need to greater ratio of purple bicycles to red bicycles — that alteration can be made in the database and applied throughout the facility. It streamlines the process considerably.

And I couldn’t fly to as many houses as I do today without my computerized dashboard in the sleigh. Each year, it’s calibrated to the specific weather conditions that are expected and even the current weight of the reindeer. Being able to customize these variables means making the most of those 20 hours that I’m in the sky.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

I’m sure many people have said this: I couldn’t do my job without math. From the elves’ payroll to the naughty and nice list, every point of this whole operation hinges on how well we’ve done the math.

How comfortable with math do you feel?

I’d much rather talk to a child about what he or she wants for Christmas than sit down and solve a bunch of algebraic equations. But I’ve learned that in order to accomplish all that I do, I need to do some computing, too. I feel pretty comfortable with math, but it’s not my favorite thing in the world.

What kind of math did you take in high school?

School was a lot different way back then. You have to remember, I’ve been around for a long, long time! Heck, calculus wasn’t even invented yet, and forget about the calculator! But I did fine with the little bit of math I did take in school.

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job?

When you’ve been in a job like mine for this long, you definitely have to pick up some new skills. The biggest changes have been technological. And once computers came on the scene, all of my operations had to be redesigned. I’ve even brought on some elves who are experienced with math modeling, so that we can stay ahead of any climate changes that will certainly affect our work. They’re developing up several models now with regards to the North Pole itself.

Thanks so much to Santa for taking time out of his incredibly busy schedule to answer a few questions. Happy holidays to everyone! In honor of the season, I’m going to take the rest of the week off. I’ll see you back on Monday, December 30, when we’ll kick off a really cool month designed to help you meet a special New Year’s resolution: brushing up on your basic math skills.

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In Math at Work Monday

Math at Work Monday: Sole the fashion designer

I’ve been dying to have a fashion designer in this spot for a very long time. So when designer Sole Salvo‘s message arrived in my inbox on Friday morning, I was thrilled! As an avid sewer — who doesn’t like using patterns — I am fascinated with the process of fashion design. I know there is a lot of math involved. Some of it has to be a gut instinct — how will this angle work on a human body? And some of it is very calculated — what do I need to add in order to get a 5/8″ seam allowance?

Sole has been working as a designer for nine years, currently working for a large clothing company in New York. Here’s how she uses math in her job.

Can you explain what you do for a living? 

I design women’s clothing. I sketch new styles then give the specs (measurements of the garment, like length, waist measurement, neck drop etc) to the tech designer or pattern maker to make a sample. I pick out fabrics, colors and trims, like buttons and thread, to complete the look of each garment. Once my seasonal collection is complete, I review it with my merchant team who decided what to buy for the store.

When do you use basic math in your job?

Math is important for design. We have to measure our sample garments to know where we need to add or subtract fabric to make the garment fit well. Additionally a strong understanding of geometry is important for understanding how the flat pattern shape will make up into a 3D garment as well as what part of the flat pattern to change to fix the fit.

Do you use any technology (like calculators or computers) to help with this math?

I usually don’t use technology for this myself because the calculations I have to do are usually simple, like adding 1/4″ here and 1/8″ there, but my cross functional partners on the tech team do use a computer program to digitally manipulate the flat garment pattern. I use Illustrator to draw my flat sketches — these are the detailed sketches that the factory pairs with the measurement specs to make up the sample. These drawings have to be very accurate and clear so the factory can see each detail of stitching and seaming, as well as the overall proportion and look of the garment.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

Without math it would be impossible to keep sizes consistent, and it would be impossible to draft a garment pattern. In addition it would be impossible to create trim pages — the list of trims required to make a garment. We use numbers on those as well to tell the factory how many buttons to use on each shirt. The factory must multiply the number of buttons by the number of shirts they are making to order enough buttons. It becomes very important when ordering because if you make a little mistake on a style that has 100,000 pieces on order, all of a sudden you could wind up with 100,000 too many buttons!

How comfortable with math do you feel?

I feel very comfortable with math in what I do. I deal with whole numbers and simple fractions for the most part.  I also have a strong sense of geometry. I can visualize what a pattern piece would look like if it is draped on the body, and this helps me design and also helps me make comments in my fittings.

What kind of math did you take in high school?

I took algebra, geometry and calculus.  Algebra was manageable, geometry I could do with my eyes closed. I can essentially reander 3D models in my head, so anything that involves shapes and how to manipulate them comes naturally to me. Calculus was more of a challenge. When it came to doing more complicated problems, I struggled. I did ok in the end, but I had to really study in calculus.

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job?

Knowing how to add fractions comes in handy every day.  Also area is important. If you are working on a garment, sometimes the size might be right, but the fabric is just distributed in the wrong place. To fix it, you might have to keep your total area the same, but just shift it around to make it lay flat or to drape just the right way.

Thanks so much, Sole! If you have questions for her, ask them in the comments section. 

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In Math at Work Monday

Math at Work Monday: Cecilia the grant writer

While we’re on the subject of museums, I thought I’d introduce you to Cecilia Meisner, who is the Director of Grants and Government Relations at the Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA). In short, she’s a fundraiser, specializing in writing grants (rather than asking folks like you and me for donations). These grants may come from foundations or government agencies or corporate funding divisions. 

And with a newly renovated contemporary art wing, the BMA can use all of the funds it can get. Naturally, Cecilia uses quite a bit of math in her job. Here’s how.

Can you explain what you do for a living?  I oversee fundraising from foundation, corporate, and government sources to support The Baltimore Museum of Art.  A lot of my work is writing (grant proposals, reports, letters of inquiry or acknowledgement), but I also do a lot of work with creating grant budgets, tracking grant-funded expenses, and reporting back to the funders.

When do you use basic math in your job?  It can be as simple as applying a percentage to a salary to show the value of staff benefits in a grant proposals, and as complicated as tracking hours worked on a project for dozens of employees over the course of two years.

Do you use any technology to help with this math?  I NEVER do math in my head: I always use an old-fashioned adding machine with a paper tape for quick calculations, and I loooove spreadsheet programs for creating budgets and tracking expenses.  The first one I ever used was Lotus 1-2-3 but now I use Excel.  I have been working in this job long enough that I used to use huge binders full of ledger paper to track expenses with pen on paper – hence the need to run a paper tape on everything: they didn’t add up automatically, unlike computerized spreadsheets!

How do you think math helps you do your job better?  Funders don’t want to give money unless they feel secure that it is enough to get the job done, and that the recipient will manage the money carefully.  And since we are audited every year by an outside auditing firm, it is a lot easier to make sure everything is done right the first time, rather than having to go back and make a lot of end-of-year journal entries in the organization’s books.

How comfortable with math do you feel?  I am very comfortable with the math I use in my work: basic functions plus percentages (which a surprising number of people do wrong, I find as I review draft grant budgets).  That being said, I am utterly incapable of helping my 10th grader with his Algebra II/Pre-Calc, Trig, Probability & Statistics, or Physics homework.

What kind of math did you take in high school?  I didn’t take any math after 9th grade “pre-Geometry.”  I was very intimidated by math, and I took enough science courses (Chemistry, Physics, Geology) to fulfill my high school’s joint math/science requirement. Because I got a high enough grade on the ACT test math portion, I was able to exempt out of Freshman Mathematics in college. I didn’t need any additional math as a requirement for my major. I escaped math in high school and college, but it caught up with me in the work world, and it turns out that it isn’t so bad after all! I wish I had Math for Grownups when I was in high school and college – I might not have been so intimidated!

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job? I was totally set with the basic addition-mulitplication-subtraction-division-percentages skills, but I did need to learn how to use spreadsheet and double-entry accounting, and how to use the specific spreadsheet software programs.

Do you have questions about grant writing and administration? If so, ask in the comments section, and I’ll let Cecilia know!

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In Math at Work Monday

Math at Work Monday: Mary Helen the History Museum Curator

I’ve known Mary Helen Dellinger my whole life. That’s because she’s my cousin, born a whole two months before I was (a fact she never let me forget when we were kids). Growing up in Virginia as we both did, it was darned near impossible to avoid a history lesson at every turn. And while I never really caught the bug, Mary Helen got it bad.

She’s been a history museum curator for 22 years now, the last year in a new position as curator for the City of Manassas Museum System, where she has overseen exhibits that include photographs of the Civil War and a collection that features a rare, surviving “John Brown Pike,” or spear, with which abolitionist Brown had intended to arm sympathizers in an aborted raid at Harper’s Ferry.

Yeah, this is cool stuff. And much to Mary Helen’s chagrin, her job includes quite a bit of math. She’s not shy about expressing her disdain for the Queen of Sciences, but like most grownups, she has learned to get along just fine.

Can you explain what you do for a living? 

There are two major aspects to my with the Manassas Museum System. First, I am in charge of maintaining the Museum’s collection of objects. This includes meeting with prospective donors and accepting new donations for the collection, making sure the collection is properly stored and that a proper environment is maintained at all times (stable temperature and humidity at acceptable levels), and that adequate security is always in place. There is a lot of paperwork that goes along with this – Deed of Gift forms for donors, thank you letters, conservation reports, tax forms for those objects that are really valuable. Everything has to be photographed and entered into the Museum’s collection database. The entire collection numbers over 10,000 pieces – most of it in off site storage. Much of the work I described above is backlogged from the past eight years, so there is always something to keep me busy.

The second aspect of my job is running the Museum’s exhibition program. Exhibit schedules are usually created 2-3 years out. So right now, I am scheduling shows for 2015. For exhibits that we do “in-house” I select objects from our collection and negotiate loans from private collectors and other museums. I also have to write labels, work with exhibit designers and (if necessary) conservators, and do things like select paint colors, make object mounts, etc. – basically come up with the look and feel of the gallery space. The final step in all of this is the installation process – which is the most fun of all.  It’s a very creative process and neat to see it all come together in the end. On occasion, I will rent a traveling exhibition that was put together by another museum. When I do that, it is just a matter of unpacking it and installing it.

When do you use basic math in your job? (And what kind of math is it?) If you can offer a very specific situation when math is important, that would be great.

Math is very important when creating any exhibition. First, I have to keep in mind what the square footage is in the gallery, and how much space the objects in the exhibits will take up. This includes spaces on the floor, inside cases, and on the walls. Large objects take up lots of floor space but also cover the wall space behind them. Cases have to hold the objects AND the labels. Framed pieces go on the walls. My design must include measurements of all the major components that include height, width and depth. This allows me to make sure everything will fit and yet allow space for visitors to move through the exhibit. During the design process we are constantly measuring, re-measuring and moving things around to get the most out of the space. For complicated exhibits we use floor plans and sketch in everything including measurements to help us understand the relationships between the pieces and if we are leaving enough space. You don’t want to get to installation and realize you don’t have enough room for a key piece of the exhibit. There is some geometry involved here (understanding angles and lines) but most of it is basic addition, subtraction, etc.

Secondly, each exhibit has an individual budget that I am responsible for creating at the outset of the project. I have to include designer time, materials, the cost of creating graphics, prepping the gallery space, etc. Each budget has a contingency built in for those unexpected things that inevitably crop up. I have to carefully track expenses to make sure I don’t overrun my budget.

In addition to the exhibitions, I am in charge of the annual budget for my part of the department. In fact, we are in the middle of creating the budget for FY 2014 right now. Using last years’ budget as a base, I have to project (using the aforementioned two-year exhibition schedule) how much money I am going to need in the next fiscal year. This requires me to know how much contractors charge per hour and how many hours I am going to need them, the cost of supplies, shipping schedules, etc. The math used here is addition/subtraction/multiplication/division – but it can be complicated because you are working with a lot of assumptions.

Do you use any technology (like calculators or computers) to help with this math? Why or why not?

I use calculators when doing the budget. For exhibit design, we use basic rulers and calculators. Nothing fancy.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

Math enables me to design exhibits that are affordable, and work within the spaces that we have.

How comfortable with math do you feel? Does this math feel different to you? (In other words, is it easier to do this math at work or do you feel relatively comfortable with math all the time?)

I have NEVER been comfortable with math, not even today, 22 years into my career. Budgets, especially, make me nervous because if we don’t get it right, that will impact future expenditures and our ability to do other projects. So while the math I use in my job is familiar to me, because it is something I do every day, I don’t think I will ever be comfortable with it.

What kind of math did you take in high school? Did you like it/feel like you were good at it?

In high school I took Algebra I and II (barely passing both) and Geometry (did okay in this). I absolutely hated math, and only took it because I had to. Despite my best efforts, going to all the extra tutorials, studying every night, etc. I never could get it. The abstract concepts were not something I could ever wrap my mind around. Put me in a history class with definable dates, facts, and people to learn about and I was fine. I never had to “show my work” in history.

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job? Or was it something that you could pick up using the skills you learned in school?

The math skills I learned in elementary/high school are enough for me to do my job. I have not had to learn anything new.

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In Math at Work Monday

Math at Work Monday: Wendy the astronaut

Meet Wendy Lawrence, a real, live astronaut who has logged more than 1,225 hours in space. Cool, huh? From 1995 until 2005, Lawrence took four trips into space, including the last Shuttle-Mir docking mission on Discovery. She also took rides in Endeavor and Atlantis. 

And, duh, she used lots and lots of math as an astronaut. She breaks it down below.

Wendy Lawrence

Can you explain what you do for a living?

As a NASA astronaut, first and foremost, your job is to support NASA’s human spaceflight program. For example, one of my jobs in the Astronaut Office was to oversee the training of astronauts who would spend five to six months on the International Space Station (ISS). In this job, I had to work closely with representatives of the other participating space agencies to determine the specific content and length of the training flow.

Certainly, the highlight of being an astronaut was having the opportunity to be assigned to a mission! I was very fortunate to have the opportunity to fly on the space shuttle four times. On my first flight, STS-67, we performed astronomical observations with the three telescopes that we had in the payload bay. My next two flights, STS-86 and 91, went to the Russian space station Mir. My last flight, STS-114, was the first shuttle flight after the Columbia accident and we went to the ISS.

When do you use basic math in your job?

Astronauts use math regularly. We often fly in the T-38 jet for crew coordination training and to travel to other locations for mission training and support. Before every landing, the crew (front seat pilot and back-seater) needs to calculate the landing speed. This requires basic addition, subtraction and division. We subtract 1000 from the current amount of fuel and then divide that number by 100. We then add the result to the basic landing speed (155 kts or knots). Here’s an example:

2000-1000 = 1000

1000 ÷ 100 = 10

Landing speed is 155 + 10 = 165 kts

We also have to use math when we fly the space station robotic arm. This arm was built by the Canadian space agency. They used centimeters to measure distances and centimeters are displayed on the control panel. When NASA astronauts ride on the arm during a spacewalk, they typically measure distances in inches and feet. For example, the space-walker may say that he or she needs to move 12 inches to the right. Knowing that there are 2.5 centimeters per inch, the robotic arm operators can make the conversion to 30 centimeters (typically done in our heads) and then fly the arm to that new location (based on the numbers displayed on the control panel).

Do you use any technology to help with this math?

Typically, we when fly in the T-38 jet or fly the station robotic arm, we don’t use calculators or computers to help us with this math. When your hands are on the controls of the jet or the robotic arm, it is hard to use a calculator!

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

When we fly the T-38, it is a matter of safety. We could quickly get ourselves into trouble if we don’t land the jet at the proper speed.

How comfortable with math do you feel?

I studied engineering in college, so I do feel very comfortable with math.

What kind of math did you take in high school?

I took geometry, algebra II, trig and pre-calculus in high school. I did enjoy math, but I did feel like I needed to work hard to be good at it.

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job?

Basically, for the situations that I have already described, I could use the math skills that I learned in school.

No surprise that Wendy uses lots of math, right? But I was a little surprised that she used so much mental math. And I didn’t expect her to say that she had to work hard at math in high school. What surprised you? Share in the comments section.

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In Math at Work Monday

Math at Work Monday: Greg the weightlifting coach

I’m of the age when I should be lifting weights — to help manage my increasingly decreasing metabolism and ward off bone density loss. And actually, I like strength training. But not as much as Greg Everett, founder of Catalyst Athletics and Olympic-style weightlifting coach. The author of  Olympic Weightlifting for Sports, Greg is considered an expert on this sport, which requires quite a bit of calculations. Take a look.

Can you explain what you do for a living? 

As a coach for my competitive weightlifting team, most of my time is spent creating training programs for my weightlifters and coaching them during their daily training. I also write and edit books, as well as program our website.

When do you use basic math in your job?  

I use math every day. Most commonly, I use it to calculate training weights based on percentages of a lifter’s maximum lift, or to calculate a percentage based on the weight used. I also have to convert pounds to kilograms often; the sport of weightlifting uses kilograms officially, but sometimes individuals only know weights in pounds. During program design, I also use math to calculate other figures like volume (in this case, the number of repetitions performed in a given time period) to allow me to track and plan a lifter’s training. And of course, I have to be able to add the weights on the barbell quickly to know what a lifter is lifting. In weightlifting, weight plates are color coded to make this easier.

Do you use any technology to help with this math?

I do use a calculator frequently during program design for calculating percentages because I need it to be accurate. Calculations of volume are done with functions in the Excel spreadsheets I use to write programs. I normally do pound/kilo conversions in my head as much as possible just for the sake of practice.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

Understanding some fundamental math concepts allows me to design better training programs and develop my weightlifters more successfully. Without math, there would be too much guesswork, and training athletes to high levels of performance requires accuracy.

How comfortable with math do you feel?  

I didn’t particularly enjoy math as a student, although I never struggled with it. I’m comfortable with the math I use frequently in my work and am fairly comfortable with basic algebra, geometry and the like. I feel like I have the math tools to be able to solve problems in life well, but certainly any more complex math I learned as a student has been forgotten simply because I don’t use it often enough.

What kind of math did you take in high school?  

Just the standard algebra and geometry; I didn’t take any advanced math courses in high school and was an English major in college. I felt that I was good at math to the degree that I was interested. That is, I never struggled with the concepts or the execution, but I also didn’t push myself beyond what I needed to learn. In retrospect, I wish I had put more time and effort into math and the sciences in school to build a better foundation.

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job? 

I didn’t need to learn anything new for my job; what I learned in school was adequate. As I mentioned previously, I wish now that I had more exposure to more advanced math and science as a young student. At that time, I wasn’t interested enough to pursue it beyond basic requirements, but at that age you can’t predict well what you’ll end up doing in life. My advice to students would be to put as much time and effort into your schooling as possible because that time will be your greatest opportunity to learn. You can certainly regret not knowing enough, but you’ll never regret knowing more than you need.

Even jocks use math! Do you use math in your exercise program? Share your experiences in the comments sections — along with any questions you have for Greg. I’ll ask him to swing by and respond!

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In Math for Grownups

Math at Work Monday: Joe the Platform Consultant

In the IT field, there are many machines and programs that are really confusing and difficult to understand. Not only do we have to trust and depend on these machines, but also the people who service them. Joe Thompson is one of the good guys. He provides assistance to the users and companies when they need it most. From consulting to maintenance, Joe and his colleagues are there for us when our technology isn’t working quite right. (Joe is also one of my former geometry students. It’s been great to reconnect with him and see how accomplished he is now!)

Can you explain what you do for a living?

Red Hat’s consultants help customers get our products working when they have specific needs that go beyond the usual tech support.  We are essentially advanced computer system administrators on whatever our customers need us to be to get Red Hat’s products to work for them.  Common consulting gigs are setting up Red Hat Satellite to manage the customer’s servers, or doing performance tuning to make things run faster or a “health check” to verify things are running as efficiently as possible.

We just put out a marketing video about our consulting for public-sector clients, actually:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMzANG3Yhlk(We do more than just public sector and cloud, of course.)

When do you use basic math in your job?

The most common is when tuning a system to perform well, or configuring various things.  Unit conversions and base conversions are especially important.

IT has a long-running math issue actually: does “kilo” mean “1000” (a round number in base 10), or “1024” (a round number, 10000000000, in base 2)?  There are various ways people try to indicate which is intended, like using a capital K vs. a lowercase k, or using KiB vs. KB.  This matters in a lot of cases because when you get up into large data sizes, the difference between round numbers in base 10 and base 2 gets pretty big.  A 1-TB hard drive (a typical size today, maybe even a little small) is a trillion bytes — 1000 to the fourth power, not 1024 to the fourth power.  The difference is about 10% of the actual size of the drive, so knowing which base you’re dealing with is important.

Then there are units that have to be converted.  A common adjustment for better performance is tweaking how much data is held in memory at a time to be transmitted over the network, which is done by measuring the delay between two systems that have to communicate.  Then you multiply the delay (so many milliseconds) by the transmission speed (so many megabits or gigabits per second) and that gives the buffer size, which you have to set in bytes (1 byte = 8 bits) or sometimes other specified units.Sometimes software writers like to make you do math so they can write their code easier.  If a program has options that can either be on or off, sometimes a programmer will use a “bitfield” — a string of binary digits that represent all the options in a single number, which is often set in base 10.  So if you have a six-digit bitfield and want to turn off everything but options 1 and 6, you would use the number 33: 33 = 100001 in binary.

Do you use any technology (like calculators or computers) to help with this math? Why or why not?

I’ve always done a lot of arithmetic in my head and I can at least estimate a lot of the conversions without resorting to a calculator.  I’ll break out the calculator if the math is long and tedious though, like averaging a long column of numbers, or if I need a precise answer quickly on something like how many bytes are in 1.25 base-10 gigabits — I can do the billion divided by 8 and come out with 125 million bytes per base-10 gigabit, and then multiplying by 1.25 I know I’m going to be in the neighborhood of 150 million bytes, but I need the calculator to quickly get the exact answer of 156250000 bytes.  If I’m on a conference call about that kind of thing I’ll use the calculator more than otherwise.Google introduced a new feature a couple of years ago that will do basic math and unit conversions for you, so if I’m deep into things or just feeling lazy I can also just pull up a web browser and type “1.25 gigabits in bytes” in the search bar, and Google does it all for me.  But recently I noticed I was reaching for the calculator more, and arithmetic in my head was getting harder, so I’ve been making a conscious effort to do more head-math lately.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

Without math, I couldn’t do my job at all 🙂 Even so little a thing as figuring out how long a file will take to transfer takes a good head for numbers.  As soon as you dig under the surface of the operating system, it’s math everywhere.

How comfortable with math do you feel? Does this math feel different to you ?

I’m pretty comfortable with math.  A lot of my off-time hobbies touch on computers too so it’s a lot of the same math as work even when I’m not working.

What kind of math did you take in high school? Did you like it/feel like you were good at it?

I took the standard track for an Advanced Studies diploma from grades 8-11 (Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, Advanced Math), plus AP Calculus my senior year, and always did well. I didn’t expect to like Geometry going in because it’s not one-right-answer like a lot of math, but I ended up enjoying the logical rigor of proofs.  (Though I do recall giving my Geometry teacher fits on occasion when my proofs took a non-standard tack…)

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job? Or was it something that you could pickup using the skills you learned in school?

Most of it was learned in school, although base conversion isn’t something we spent a lot of time on.  I got good at it through long, frequent practice as you might guess…

Do you have a question for Joe? Send me your question and I will forward it to him.

Photo Credit: Dan Hamp via Compfight cc

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Math at Work Monday: Rick the pediatric plastic surgeon

Yes, you read that right — pediatric plastic surgeon. But don’t make the dumb assumption that I did when I first met Dr. Rick Redett. He’s not doing nose jobs on preteens. He’s expertly repairing cleft lips and palates, doing skin grafts and addressing nerve injuries at Johns Hopkins Children’s Center. And this is pediatrics, so he’s working with teeny-tiny parts — little hands and noses and even nerves in these little bodies. One measurement that’s even a little bit off can mean a very big problem. 

It’s no wonder that Dr. Redett uses lots of math in his work — from conversions to measurements to basic geometry. On top of that, he helped found Bring Hope Through Healing, a non-profit that helps fund surgical trips to South and Central America, so that children (and even a few adults) with cleft palates and lips can get restorative surgery. But in terms of his everyday job? Here’s how he uses math. 

Can you explain what you do for a living? I am a pediatric plastic surgeon, caring for children with cleft lip and palate, nerve injuries, congenital and traumatic hand problems and burns.

When do you use basic math in your job?  Most of the medicines we give children are weight based, which means we give a specific amount of medicine calculated using the weight of the baby. Giving too little or too much medicine may be harmful. I also use math during surgery. When a baby is born with a cleft lip, one of the nostrils is much bigger than the other. To determine how much smaller I need to make the bigger nostril, I use device which measure the diameter of each nostril. Multiplying the difference in diameter of the nostrils by 3 (approximately π) will equal the amount of tissue which needs to be removed from the bigger nostril to make it the size of the smaller nostril.

Notice how the nostril on the left is larger than the one of the right. Rick uses the formula for the circumference of a circle to help him even out the nostrils along with repairing the cleft lip.

Do you use any technology to help with this math? I use an app on my iPhone when calculating medication doses in children

How do you think math helps you do your job better?  I couldn’t do my job without math.

How comfortable with math do you feel?  I enjoyed math in school and am comfortable using it at work. Most of the math I use at work is relatively simple but necessary to practice medicine safely.

What kind of math did you take in high school? Math was one of my favorite classes in high school. I especially liked trigonometry

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job? I didn’t have to learn anything new, but I have had to review things that I didn’t know I’d need. When I was learning how to make the nostrils symmetric during cleft lip surgery, I had to look up the formula for the circumference of a circle (C = dπ, where C is circumference, d is diameter and π can be rounded 3.14).

Did you think that the formula for the circumference would ever be useful? I was surprised. Oh, and parents, next time your little one is at the doctor or (god forbid) needs surgery, be glad that the doctor took math! If you have questions for Dr. Redett, post them here. I’ll let him know about them and get answers for you. 

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Math at Work Monday: Robert the veterinarian

With a blind, deaf, 18-year old toy poodle who has dementia (canine cognitive disorder), I’ve gotten to know our friendly neighborhood veterinarian very, very well. Dr. Robert Z. Berry, DVM at The Village Vet has helped us manage some strange symptoms and supported us in the last year since Roxie was diagnosed with dementia. Just like people doctors, vets must have excellent bedside manner, and Dr. Berry has it in spades.

I also noticed that he does quite a bit of math in his work. Roxie has been on a variety of medication, as we’ve looked for the right combination to keep her happy and healthy. And she’s only 6 pounds. That means converting measurements like crazy. At a recent visit, I finally got the idea to ask Dr. Berry to answer my Math at Work Monday questions. If your kid aspires to be a vet, read on!

Can you explain what you do for a living? 

I examine sick and healthy animals, provide preventative care such as vaccinations or parasite (intestinal and blood born worms) screening and offer early disease detection, blood tests or imaging (xrays and ultrasound). In the case of sick animals, we can hospitalize and provide medical care or medical surgical care to help return them to normal health. Additionally we provide routine surgical and dental services such as spaying , neutering, tumor removal, dental cleaning and extractions.

When do you use basic math in your job?

Everyday, from basic math skills to algebra. Here’s an example : An animal weighs 22 pounds and needs medication which is dosed at a rate of 20 mg/kg and given three times a day. The animal’s weight is measured in pounds, so the first step is to convert to kilograms. Then I need to multiply the weight in kilograms by 20 mg/kg. Now we have a milligram dose of 200 mg. But things can get even more complex. Suppose the drug is supplied in 400 mg/ml strength? I use division or an algebraic formula to arrive at a milliliter (or cc, cubic centimeter) dose of 0.5 ml.

Do you use any technology (like calculators or computers) to help with this math?  

I really prefer not to use a calculator because I think it can make my brain become lazy. It is remarkable how much agility you lose (even basic math skills) when you don’t use basic math skills on a daily basis. I calculate in my head but verify with the calculator.

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

It’s absolutely necessary with any sort of drug therapy.

How comfortable with math do you feel?

I feel very comfortable with math and have all of my life. Vets must be mentally sharp and learn to rely on their most important assets — their brains! I took calculus in high school, and I felt very confident in the class. School prepared me very adequately for the nuts-and-bolts part of my job. I was fortunate to have good teachers and also to have been raised in the time period before calculators were allowed in school. A good primary education prepares one for the rest of his or her life.

So there you have it, a vet who is both compassionate and math-savvy — a great combination! Were you surprised by the math that Dr. Berry uses in his practice? Share your response in the comments section.

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Math at Work Monday: Karma the children’s book author

Do you know Bear of Bear Snores On and Bear Feels Sick? Or Pip of Where is Home Little Pip? If so, you also know my very talented friend, Karma Wilson. Karma has been a published author for 12 years (not including the three years it took for her to get published the first time). She is the author of 30 books, and begrudgingly, she admits to using math from time to time. 

Can you explain what you do for a living?

I write — specifically for the 4- to 8-year-old set. It is my goal to write engaging books and poetry for children that is also appealing enough to adults that they don’t hide it under the hamper lest it be requested again. To accomplish this I utilize rhyme, alliteration and two-tier humor that is directed to children on one level, adults on another.

When do you use basic math in your job?

I wrote a rhyming counting book (Frog in the Bog), does that “count”? It only went to five, which gives you a good idea of my math skills. Seriously though, in my line of work there is a lot of math that my literary agent mostly deals with. I have to pay him 15% of my income. My royalties are usually 6.5%. My publisher holds out profits from sales in case of large returns on my books, and that’s usually 25% of my royalties. All this adds up to a good reason for me to have an agent!

Do you use any technology (like calculators or computers) to help with this math?

If I have to do math I generally do use calculators, mainly because I’m a very wordsy, artistic type and math has never been a strong suit for me. In case of serious math questions I panic and turn my friends who know math, like the amazing Laura Laing!

Karma Wilson

How do you think math helps you do your job better?

Well, for me the biggest way is with word counts. If I have a story that goes over 1000 words I better darned well subtract a bunch of those words. Wordy picture books don’t typically sell very well. Also, my words need to fit into a formula, which translates to a 32-page book with end pages that have no words. It’s important that the words to my stories fall naturally and rhythmically into that formula, which sometimes requires a break down of words per page. Luckily, I am sort of “savant” in that area, and rarely do book dummies, but I know a lot of picture book writers who are lost without that breakdown.

How comfortable with math do you feel?

I don’t feel comfortable with math at all. The math that accompanies my work is relatively simple, so it doesn’t give me panic attacks. But for my taxes and running my corporation (Karma Wilson Books Incorporated) I get a little math-addled.  That’s when I turn to people who are more comfortable with math than I am, like accountants and agents.

What kind of math did you take in high school?

The highest I got to was pre-algebra. I was pretty horrible at it. That letter x never needed to fear I would discover his or her secret identity. Ha!

Did you have to learn new skills in order to do the math you use in your job?

Since I have an agent who does the hard math for me I was able to skate on my pre-algebra level skill set. However, if you’re in this industry trying to figure out the contractual stuff without an agent, you should at least have some basic accounting math skills. Otherwise, you’ll be lost in royalty rundowns and not know if your contract was fulfilled or not. It really is that important.

While my specific line of work isn’t all that math intensive, the times that I’ve wanted to understand my royalty statements were severely hampered by my fear of math. I strongly encourage every adult to refresh their math skills so they feel more confident discussing numbers with professionals in their industry.

Karma is on tour right now, promoting her newest book Bear Says Thanks. Her next stop is Denver CO at the Mountains and Plains Bookseller’s Association Author Tea on 9/21/12 at 3:45 p.m. 

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Math at Work Monday: Beth the nurse

When I was really young, I wanted to be a nurse. Those who know me now are probably laughing. It’s not that I’m squeamish about blood, but I absolutely cannot handle any other, um, bodily fluids. Ick. Thank goodness for people like Beth Hanes, who have made a career of caring for others who are sick or undergoing surgery. [Editors note: Since this interview appeared a year ago, Beth has decided to freelance write full time.Now that I can identify with!]

Beth Hanes is a registered nurse in a plastic surgery center.  She takes care of patients before, during and after their surgeries.  And, of course, she uses math everyday.

What kind of math do you use in your job?

I use basic math for a lot of things, but probably the most important calculations are the ones related to medication use. Sometimes I dilute medication before giving it. For example, Promethazine needs to be diluted before it’s given in an IV. Using a 10mL syringe, I draw up 1mL of Promethazine and then add 9mL of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) to create a 10% Promethazine solution.

I also use basic math to determine, based on body weight, how much medication to administer. Medications are generally given on a milligram per kilogram basis. So, I convert a person’s weight in pounds to weight in kilograms (divide pounds by 2.2 to obtain kilograms), then I multiply this number of kilograms by the number of milligrams per kilogram to get the correct dosage. For example, Lidocaine might be ordered as 1mg/kg. A 220-pound patient weighs 100kg, so the correct dosage is be 100mg of Lidocaine.

How do you do your calculations?

I do use calculators because they’re typically faster, but I think it’s important to know how to do math by hand. I usually don’t have a calculator on hand in the operating room! Also, it’s critically important for me to have basic formulas memorized (such as how to convert pounds to kilograms). Without that knowledge, having a calculator or not is irrelevant.

Why is math important for your job?

Math skills help me ensure patient safety. There was a highly publicized case a few years ago in which actorDennis Quaid’s infant twins were administered a very high dose of Heparin. This error occurred for many reasons, but one key factor was doing the math involved. This is a classic case of calculating dosage based on weight, and obviously errors were made in that calculation. In nursing, if you misplace a decimal point, you can kill someone.

When it comes to math in nursing, I think the main thing is to be very careful about calculations, double-check them, and then have someone else double-check them. No matter how good you may be at math, anyone can misplace a decimal point when calculating on-the-fly. It’s much better to take the extra seconds to have someone review your calculations and keep patients safe than to have any sense of ego about your math ability and endanger a patient.

What kind of math did you take in high school?

I had a rather sketchy math education, because my parents moved around a lot, and I only made it through Algebra II. On the other hand, advanced math was not yet common at the high school level when I was that age. Calculus, for example, was a college course. I did not feel I was good at math in high school. However, this “low math esteem” led me to focus on practicing real-world math skills.

These days, I am fairly comfortable with math, in general, though I frequently have to think through conversion problems, which are common in nursing. I find I often want to divide when I should multiply, for instance, so I have to be careful about that! Once I have a formula memorized, however, I feel very comfortable substituting variables with real values and arriving at the correct answer.

If you have questions for Beth, ask them in the comments section. Read other Math at Work Monday entries in the archive.  And if you or someone you know wants to be interviewed for this regular, Monday feature, let me know.

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